Incontinência: incontinência urinária de esforço (IUE): guia do paciente
Como diagnosticar, tratar e manejar a IUE, incluindo a perspectiva de um paciente. (Stress Urinary Incontinence Patient Guide)… more
Guia do paciente com incontinência
Milhões de pessoas nos Estados Unidos vivem com incontinência urinária e sintomas de controle da bexiga. Isso pode impedir que homens, mulheres e crianças levem a vida que gostariam. O receio de estar longe de um banheiro pode limitar as escolhas da vida diária. (Incontinence Patient Guide)… more
Living Healthy Cookbook with Information about Urologic Cancers
Part of managing cancer includes a healthy diet and lifestyle. This educational cookbook has recipes from celebrity chefs and is designed to help those affected by urologic cancers.… more
Living Healthy Cookbook with Information about Urologic Cancers
Part of managing cancer includes a healthy diet and lifestyle. This educational cookbook has recipes from celebrity chefs and is designed to help those affected by urologic cancers.… more
Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI)
Download this patient resource on Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI).… more
Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome (IC/BPS)
Download this patient guide to learn more information about IC/BPS and the urinary tract.… more
Guide patient sur la cystite interstitielle (syndrome de la vessie douloureuse)
La cystite interstitielle (CI), ou syndrome de la vessie douloureuse (SVD), est un problème de douleur vésicale chronique. Cela peut évoquer une infection de la vessie ou infection urinaire, mais ce n’en est pas une. Il s’agit d’une sensation d’inconfort et de pression dans la région de la vessie qui dure six semaines ou plus, sans infection ni autre cause évidente. (Patient Guide to Interstitial Cystitis (Painful Bladder Syndrome))… more
ਵੀ.ਯੂ.ਆਰ. ਮਰੀਜ਼ ਗਾਈਡ
ਮਾਪਿਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਦੇ ਬੱਚੇ ਦੀ ਵੀ.ਯੂ.ਆਰ. ਨਿਦਾਨ ਨੂੰ ਸਮਝਣ ਅਤੇ ਪ੍ਰਬµਧਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਰੱਖਣ ਲਈ ਸਹਾਇਤਾ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਇੱਕ ਵਿਸਥਾਰ ਗਾਈਡ। (Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) Patient Guide)… more
ਇµਟਰਸਟੀਸ਼ੀਅਲ ਸਿਸਟਾਈਟਸ ਮਰੀਜ਼ ਗਾਈਡ
ਆਈ.ਸੀ. / ਬੀ.ਪੀ.ਐਸ. ਬਾਰੇ ਜਾਣਕਾਰੀ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ ਨਾਲ ਯੂਰਿਨਰੀ ਟ੍ਰੈਕਟ ਦੀ ਜਾਣਕਾਰੀ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਗਈ ਹੈ। (Interstitial Cystitis Patient Guide)… more
ਇਨਕੋਂਟੀਨੈਂਸ ਮਰੀਜ਼ ਗਾਈਡ
ਆਦਮੀ ਅਤੇ ਔਰਤਾਂ ਦੋਵਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਇਸ ਸਥਿਤੀ ਦਾ ਪ੍ਰਬµਧਨ ਕਰਨ ਦੇ ਤਰੀਕਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਜਾਣਕਾਰੀ ਹੈ। (Incontinence Patient Guide)… more
ਸਟ੍ਰੈੱਸ ਯੂਰਿਨਰੀ ਇਨਕੋਂਟੀਨੈਂਸ ਮਰੀਜ਼ ਗਾਈਡ
ਇੱਕ ਮਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ਧਿਆਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਰੱਖਦੇ ਹੋਏ,ਐਸ.ਯੂ.ਆਈ. ਦਾ ਕਿਵੇਂ ਨਿਦਾਨ, ਸਕਰੀਨ, ਇਲਾਜ਼, ਅਤੇ ਪ੍ਰਬµਧਨ ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾਵੇ। (Stress Urinary Incontinence Patient Guide)… more
ਕਿਡਨੀ ਮਾਸ ਅਤੇ ਲੋਕਲਾਈਜ਼ਡ ਕਿਡਨੀ ਟਿਯੂਮਰ
ਇੱਕ ਮਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ਧਿਆਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਰੱਖਦੇ ਹੋਏ ਇੱਕ ਗਾਈਡ ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਦੱਸਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਕਿਡਨੀ ਮਾਸੀਸ ਦਾ ਕਿਸ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਨਿਦਾਨ, ਇਲਾਜ਼, ਅਤੇ ਪ੍ਰਬµਧਨ ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾਵੇ। (Kidney Masses and Localized Tumors Patient Guide)… more
ਓਵਰਐਕਟਿਵ ਬਲੈਡਰ ਮਰੀਜ਼ ਗਾਈਡ
ਇਸ ਮਲਟੀ-ਪੇਜ ਗਾਈਡ ਵਿੱਚ ਓ.ਏ.ਬੀ. ਨਾਲ ਪੀੜਿਤ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਲਈ ਓ.ਏ.ਬੀ. ਸਰੋਤ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਹਨ ਜੋ ਕੀ ਮਰੀਜ਼ਾਂ ਦੀ ਸਹਾਇਤਾ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ। (Overactive Bladder Patient Guide)… more
UrologyHealth extra® – Bladder Cancer Special Issue
Order this special issue focusing on bladder cancer to be shipped free in the United States and includes information for patients and caregivers on the basics such as the stages of this cancer, symptoms, treatments, risk factors and how to learn more.… more
UrologyHealth extra® – Bladder Cancer Special Issue
Download this special issue focusing on bladder cancer that includes information for patients and caregivers on the basics such as the stages of this cancer, symptoms, treatments, risk factors and how to learn more.… more
Clinical Trials - What You Should Know Fact Sheet
Order this fact sheet to learn about clinical trials, include details about phases, benefits, privacy rights, fees and resources to learn more.… more
Clinical Trials - What You Should Know Fact Sheet
Download this fact sheet to learn about clinical trials, include details about phases, benefits, privacy rights, fees and resources to learn more.… more
Women’s Health and Menopause – What You Should Know Fact Sheet
Learn about women’s health during perimenopause and menopause, symptoms and treatment options. … more
Women’s Health and Menopause – What You Should Know Fact Sheet
Order this fact sheet that includes information on perimenopause, menopause, symptoms and treatment options for women.… more
Men’s Checklist What Latino Men Should Know Fact Sheet
Did you know Latino men are at higher risk for many health issues? This free fact sheet includes numbers and screenings to help Latino men keep their health in check.… more
Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma (UTUC) - What You Should Know
Order this fact sheet to be shipped free in the United States to learn about Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma (UTUC), types, symptoms, treatment and more.… more
Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma (UTUC) - What You Should Know
Download this fact sheet to learn about Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma (UTUC), types, symptoms, treatment and more.… more
Genetic Testing for Kidney Cancer – What You Should Know Fact Sheet
A description about genetic testing for kidney cancer and how genetic test results may help patients make informed choices.… more
Constipation and Urine Control - What You Should Know Fact Sheet
This fact sheet outlines what to know about constipation and urine control. Constipation happens when you go too long without having a bowel movement & this can cause issues with urine control. … more
Constipation and Urine Control: What You Should Know
Order this fact sheet that outlines what to know about constipation and urine control. Constipation happens when you go too long without having a bowel movement & this can cause issues with urine control. … more
Ureteropelvic Junction (UPJ) Obstruction - What Parents Should Know Fact Sheet
Learn about Ureteropelvic Junction (UPJ) Obstruction, its causes, symptoms and common treatments.… more
Kidney Cysts - What You Should Know Fact Sheet
As a person ages, sacs filled with fluid, called cysts, can form in the kidneys. This fact sheet outlines what you should know about kidney cysts.… more
Topical Estrogen – What You Should Know Fact Sheet
Women who have gone through menopause often have vaginal dryness. This problem is also common in those who have had both of their ovaries surgically removed. In some cases, vaginal dryness can lead to pain with sex, burning vaginal discomfort or itching, recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) or abnormal vaginal discharge. Topical estrogen is a prescription treatment that can help lower or ease these symptoms.… more
Bladder Exstrophy – What Parents Should Know Fact Sheet
Bladder exstrophy is a rare birth defect. On average, it occurs in about 1 out of every 50,000 live births. It is slightly more common in males than females. It is a condition where the bladder and parts around it form inside-out. … more
Women’s Urology – What You Should Know Fact Sheet
Women often put the health of their families ahead of their own. It is of great value to take care of your own health, including your urologic health. There are many things you can do to prevent urologic conditions such as kidney stones and urinary tract infections (UTIs). Here are some healthy living tips that can improve your urologic health.… more
Bladder Cancer: What You Should Know
Learn more about the basics of bladder cancer including types, causes, symptoms, testing and treatment options. … more
Men’s Checklist What African American Men Should Know
Did you know African American men are at higher risk for many health issues? This free fact sheet includes numbers and screenings to help African American men keep their health in check. … more
Pelvic Floor Muscle Relaxing: What You Should Know
Strong pelvic floor muscles can help prevent leakage and calm the urge to pass urine. Sometimes these muscles can be too tight, which can cause urine leaks, trouble emptying your bladder and pain during sex.… more
Bladder Diary Assessment Tool
Use this bladder diary assessment tool and share the results with your healthcare provider to get a better understanding of your urinary incontinence symptoms. … more
Bladder Diary Assessment Tool
Use this bladder diary assessment tool and share the results with your healthcare provider to get a better understanding of your urinary incontinence symptoms. … more
Bladder Prolapse - What You Should Know
An overview of bladder prolapse causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options.… more
Urine Color - What You Should Know
A fact sheet about the meaning behind the color of urine for people of all ages to know when to drink more, what can change urine color and when to talk with a doctor about urine color.… more
Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome (IC/BPS) Fact Sheet
Download this fact sheet to read a concise review of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome.… more
Combination Immunotherapy for Kidney Cancer Fact Sheet
Summary of combination immunotherapy for renal cell carcinoma including treatment, adverse reactions and questions to ask the health care team.… more
Immunotherapy for Urothelial Cancer Fact Sheet
Summary of immunotherapy for cancers of the bladder, renal pelvis, ureter and other urinary organs to include treatment, adverse reactions and questions to ask the health care team.… more
Hypospadias – What Parents Should Know
A short summary of Hypospadias, including signs, diagnosis, treatments and questions to ask your child’s doctor.… more
Varicoceles - What You Should Know
Designed for teen boys and men to explain this condition, causes, treatments and address frequently asked questions.… more
Bladder Control Assessment Tool
This Bladder Control assessment tool may help to measure symptoms and quality of life related to passing urine.… more
Pelvic Floor Muscle Strength: What You Should Know
Download this fact sheet on how to perform Kegel exercises.… more
Overactive Bladder Assessment Tool
An assessment tool that allows patient to score symptoms and illustrates how they may be affecting their quality of life.… more
Overactive Bladder Diary
This Overactive Bladder Diary may help to record liquid intake, how often urine is passed and urine leakage to help you talk with your health care team.… more
Bladder Control Assessment Tool
This Bladder Control assessment tool may help to measure symptoms and quality of life related to passing urine. … more
Women’s Checklist What Black Women Should Know
Did you know Black women are at higher risk for many health issues? This free fact sheet includes numbers and screenings to help Black women keep their health in check. … more
Neurogenic Bladder - What You Should Know Fact Sheet
A fact sheet that helps patients to understand when nerve damage causes bladder problems and how to manage the condition.… more
Urinary Tract Infections What You Should Know
A description of urinary tract infections to include tips on how to prevent UTIs.… more
Pediatric Urology Basics
The basics about urinary function in children with notes section to help patients, parents and health care teams.… more
Kidney Basics
The basics about kidney function, kidney stones and kidney cancer with notes section to help patients and health care teams.… more
L’énurésie chez l’enfant: Ce que les parents doivent savoir
Il est question d’énurésie nocturne lorsqu’un enfant urine involontairement pendant son sommeil. C’est ce qu’on appelle communément faire pipi au lit. Plus de cinq millions d’enfants aux États-Unis ont des problèmes d’énurésie. (Bedwetting – What Parents Should Know Fact Sheet)… more
OEstrogènes topiques: Ce qu’il faut savoir
Les femmes ménopausées présentent souvent une sécheresse vaginale. Ce problème est également fréquent chez celles qui ont subi une ablation chirurgicale des deux ovaires. Dans certains cas, la sécheresse vaginale peut entraîner des douleurs lors des rapports sexuels, une sensation de brûlure ou des démangeaisons vaginales, des infections urinaires (IU) récurrentes ou des pertes vaginales anormales. (Topical Estrogen – What You Should Know Fact Sheet)… more
Détente des muscles du plancher pelvien: Ce qu’il faut savoir
Un plancher pelvien musclé peut aider à prévenir les fuites et à calmer l’envie d’uriner. Parfois, ces muscles peuvent être trop tendus, ce qui peut entraîner des fuites urinaires, des difficultés à vider la vessie et des douleurs pendant les rapports sexuels. (Pelvic Floor Muscle Relaxing – What You Should Know Fact Sheet)… more
Renforcement des muscles du plancher pelvien: Ce qu’il faut savoir
Des millions de personnes souffrent d’incontinence urinaire (fuites d’urine). Elles ont souvent l’impression que leur vie est soumise au bon vouloir de leur vessie. Mais ce n’est pas une fatalité. Vous pouvez agir dès maintenant pour mieux contrôler votre vessie. (Pelvic Floor Muscle Strength – What You Should Know Fact Sheet)… more
Tests génétiques pour le cancer du rein: Ce qu’il faut savoir
Une masse rénale, ou tumeur, est une excroissance anormale dans le rein. Certaines masses rénales sont bénignes (non cancéreuses) et d’autres sont malignes (cancéreuses). (Genetic Testing for Kidney Cancer - What You Should Know Fact Sheet)… more
Kystes rénaux: Ce qu’il faut savoir
Avec l’âge, des poches remplies de liquide, appelées kystes, peuvent se former dans les reins. Il existe cinq catégories de kystes rénaux. La plupart sont de classe I (kystes simples) et de classe II (kystes peu complexes). Ces types de kystes sont presque toujours non cancéreux. Les kystes complexes peuvent être associés à un cancer et devront être suivis ou traités. (Kidney Cysts – What You Should Know Fact Sheet)… more
Contrôle technique de l’urologie masculine: Ce que les hommes doivent savoir sur leur santé urologique
Pour les hommes, l’urologie englobe les voies urinaires et les organes reproducteurs masculins, c’est-à-dire les systèmes situés dans le bas ventre. La plupart des hommes connaissent les bases de l’entretien automobile, mais beaucoup d’hommes ne sont pas au fait de l’entretien urologique. Cette brochure utilise l’analogie de l’entretien automobile pour vous aider à comprendre les notions fondamentales de votre santé urologique. (Men’s Urology Tune-Up Fact Sheet)… more
Notions fondamentales d’urologie: Ce qu’il faut savoir
L’urologie est une branche de la médecine qui traite des problems de santé des systèmes urinaires masculin et féminin, ainsi que de l’appareil reproducteur masculin. (Urology Basics Fact Sheet)… more
Urologie feminine: Ce qu’il faut savoir
Les femmes font souvent passer la santé de leur famille avant la leur. Il est essentiel de prendre soin de sa propre santé, y compris de sa santé urologique. Vous pouvez faire de nombreuses choses pour prévenir les affections urologiques telles que les calculs rénaux et les infections urinaires (IU). (Women’s Urology Fact Sheet)… more
Varicocèles: Ce qu’il faut savoir
Le terme varicocèle désigne une dilatation du groupe de veines situées à l’intérieur du scrotum (le sac qui contient les testicules) en raison d’une mauvaise circulation sanguine. (Varicoceles – What You Should Know Fact Sheet)… more
ਓ.ਏ.ਬੀ ਅਸੈਸਮੈਂਟ ਟੂਲ
ਇੱਕ ਅਸੈਸਮੈਂਟ ਟੂਲ ਜੋ ਮਰੀਜ਼ ਦੇ ਲੱਛਣਾਂ ਦਾ ਧਿਆਨ ਰੱਖਦਾ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਇਹ ਪਤਾ ਲਗਾਉਣ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਹਾਇਤਾ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਇੱਕ ਲੱਛਣ ਓਹਨਾਂ ਦੇ ਜੀਵਨ ਦੀ ਗੁਣਵੱਤਾ ਨੂੰ ਕਿਵੇਂ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਵਿਤ ਕਰ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ। (Overactive Bladder Assessment Tool)… more
ਬਲੈਡਰ ਕµਟਰੋਲ- ਆਪਣੀਆਂ ਪੇਲਵਿਕ ਫਲੋਰ ਮਾਸਪੇਸ਼ੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਕਿਵੇਂ ਮਜ਼ਬੂਤ ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾਵੇ
ਕੇਗਲ ਕਸਰਤਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਮਰੀਜ਼ ਆਪਣੀਆਂ ਪੇਲਵਿਕ ਫਲੋਰ ਮਾਸਪੇਸ਼ੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਮਜ਼ਬੂਤ ਬਣਾਉਣਾ ਸਿੱਖਦੇ ਹਨ। (How to Strengthen Pelvic Floor Muscles Fact Sheet)… more
ਬਲੈਡਰ ਡਾਇਰੀ
ਇੱਕ ਅਸੈਸਮੈਂਟ ਟੂਲ ਜੋ ਇੱਕ ਮਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ਉਸਦੇ ਪੀਤੇ ਪਾਣੀ, ਪਿਸ਼ਾਬ ਅਤੇ ਲੀਕ ਦੇ ਇਹਸਾਸ ਦਾ ਰਿਕਾਰਡ ਰੱਖਣ ਵਿੱਚ ਮਦਦ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਸਨੂੰ ਆਪਣੇ ਆਪ ਡਾਉਨਲੋਡ ਕਰਨ ਅਤੇ ਪ੍ਰਿµਟ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਵੀ ਫਾਰਮੈਟ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ। (Overactive Bladder Diary)… more
ਯੂਰਿਨਰੀ ਇਨਕੋਂਟੀਨੈਂਸ- ਮਰਦਾਂ ਦੇ ਐਫ਼.ਐਸ. ਲਈ ਸਟ੍ਰੈੱਸ ਇਨਕੋਂਟੀਨੈਂਸ ਦਾ ਇਲਾਜ਼
ਇੱਕ ਫ਼ੈਕਟ ਸ਼ੀਟ ਜੋ ਮਰਦਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਐਸ.ਯੂ. ਬਾਰੇ ਅਤੇ ਓਹਨਾਂ ਦੇ ਇਲਾਜ ਬਾਰੇ ਸਮਝਣ ਵਿੱਚ ਮਦਦ ਕਰਦੀ ਹੈ। (Stress Urinary Incontinence - Treatment for Men Fact Sheet)… more
ਯੂਰਿਨਰੀ ਇਨਕੋਂਟੀਨੈਂਸ- ਔਰਤਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਐਫ਼.ਐਸ. ਲਈ ਸਟ੍ਰੈੱਸ ਇਨਕੋਂਟੀਨੈਂਸ ਦਾ ਇਲਾਜ਼
ਔਰਤਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਸਟ੍ਰੈੱਸ ਯੂਰਿਨਰੀ ਇਨਕੋਂਟੀਨੈਂਸ ਬਾਰੇ ਆਮ ਗ਼ਲਤਫਹਿਮੀਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਇਸਦੇ ਇਲਾਜ ਬਾਰੇ ਜਾਣਕਾਰੀ ਲੈਣ ਵਿੱਚ ਮਦਦ ਲਈ ਸਰੋਤ। (Stress Urinary Incontinence - Treatment for Women Fact Sheet)… more
ਬੱਚਿਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਯੂ.ਟੀ.ਆਈ. ਲਈ ਫੈਕਟ ਸ਼ੀਟ
ਇੱਕ ਸµਖੇਪ ਸਮੀਖਿਆ ਜੋ ਦੱਸਦੀ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਮਾਪਿਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਯੂਰਿਨਰੀ ਟ੍ਰੈਕਟ ਇਨਫੈਕਸ਼ਨਜ਼ ਬਾਰੇ ਕੀ ਕੁੱਝ ਜਾਣਨ ਦੀ ਜ਼ਰੂਰਤ ਹੈ। (UTIs in Children - What Parents Should Know Fact Sheet)… more
ਯੂਰਿਨਰੀ ਟ੍ਰੈਕਟ ਇਨਫੈਕਸ਼ਨ- ਬਚਾਅ ਲਈ ਫੈਕਟ ਸ਼ੀਟ
ਯੂ.ਟੀ.ਆਈ. ਨੂੰ ਕਿਵੇਂ ਰੋਕਿਆ ਜਾਵੇ, ਇਸ ਦੇ ਸੁਝਾਅ ਨੂੰ ਯੂਰਿਨਰੀ ਟ੍ਰੈਕਟ ਇਨਫੈਕਸ਼ਨ ਦੇ ਵੇਰਵੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਕੀਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ। (UTI Prevention Fact Sheet)… more
Bladder Basics
The basics about bladder function and bladder cancer with notes section to help patients and health care teams. … more
Health Screenings Every Latino Man Should Know Poster
Did you know Latino men are at higher risk for many health issues? This free download includes numbers and screenings to help Latino men keep their health in check.… more
Health Screenings Every Latino Man Should Know Poster
Did you know Latino men are at higher risk for many health issues? This free download includes numbers and screenings to help Latino men keep their health in check.… more
Health Screenings Every Black Woman Should Know
Did you know Black women are at higher risk for many health issues? This free poster includes numbers and screenings to help Black women keep their health in check. … more
Health Screenings Every Black Woman Should Know
Did you know Black women are at higher risk for many health issues? This free poster includes numbers and screenings to help Black women keep their health in check. … more
Health Screenings Every African American Man Should Know
Did you know African American men are at higher risk for many health issues? This free download includes numbers and screenings to help African American men keep their health in check.… more
ਮਰਦਾਂ ਦੀ ਸਿਹਤ ਦਾ ਪੋਸਟਰ
ਮਰਦਾਂ ਦੀ ਯੂਰੋਲੌਜਿਕਲ ਸਿਹਤ ਬਾਰੇ ਸਮਝਣ ਲਈ ਇਹ ਪੋਸਟਰ ਕਾਰ ਕੇਅਰ ਦੀ ਉਦਹਾਰਣ ਨਾਲ ਦਰਸਾਇਆ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ। (Men's Urology Tune Up Poster)… more
Combination Immunotherapy for Kidney Cancer
A graphic description of combination immunotherapy for renal cell carcinoma to include risks and benefits.… more
Fighting Urothelial Cancer with Immunotherapy
A graphic description of immunotherapy for cancers of the bladder, renal pelvis, ureter and other urinary organs to include risks and benefits.… more
Men's Urology Pit Stop Poster
Order this poster that uses the analogy of car care to better understand the basics about urologic health for men.… more
Bladder Cancer: Get the Facts
Did you know bladder cancer is the 10th most common cancer in the world? This patient education video from the Urology Care Foundation will tell you all of the facts you need about bladder cancer. … more
