AUA Summit - What is Nocturia?
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What is Nocturia?

If you wake up more than one time each night to go to the bathroom, you may have nocturia. Sleep disruption from having to pass urine during the night can impact your quality of life.

About 1 in 3 adults over the age of 30 experience nocturia. The rate of people affected increases with age. It can be caused by a lifestyle habit or an underlying health problem.
Nocturia can be caused by:

  • Polyuria: when your body makes too much urine in a 24-hour period
  • Nocturnal polyuria: when your body makes too much urine during the night
  • Bladder storage problems: when your bladder doesn't store or release urine well
  • Mixed nocturia: when more than one of these problems are happening

It helps to talk with your health care provider to learn why you make multiple trips to the bathroom at night. You may learn that your nocturia is fairly easy to treat, or you may find it's from something more serious.

How Does the Urinary Tract Normally Work?

The "urinary tract" includes the organs in your body that make, store and remove urine. Urine is liquid waste from your body. Urine forms when the kidneys clean your blood. Normally, the kidneys make about 1½ to 2 quarts of urine each day in an adult; less in children. Urine travels from the kidneys to the bladder through the ureters (the tubes that join them). The bladder holds urine until you are ready to empty it.

The brain and the bladder work together to control urinary function. The muscles in the lower part of the pelvis hold the bladder in place. The muscular neck (end) of the bladder stays closed to store urine. The urethra is a tube that carries urine from the bladder, out of the body. It is kept closed with sphincter muscles.

Parts of the bladder control system

Once you are ready to pass urine, the brain sends a signal to the sphincter muscles and bladder. First, the sphincter muscles open. Next, the bladder muscle contracts, pushing urine out of the bladder and through the urethra.

Symptoms

If you have to get up two or more times each night to go to the bathroom, it’s not normal. This is a clear sign of nocturia. We should be able to sleep for 6 to 8 hours during the night without needing to use the bathroom.

Waking to go to the bathroom obviously affects your quality of sleep, and your quality of life. Most people don’t function well without solid sleep. It makes us grumpy and less productive during the day. Over time, poor sleep can become a severe problem for many of us.

It’s important to remember that nocturia is a sign of something going on in our bodies.  It is not a disease in and of itself.

Causes

Nocturia can be from a simple habit like drinking too much fluid (especially caffeine or alcohol) before bed. Or it could be from certain medication, illnesses or reduced bladder capacity.
The following lifestyle habits are known to cause nocturia in either men or women:

  • Drinking too much fluid before bedtime (especially caffeine or alcohol)
  • Behavioral patterns (you've trained your body to wake up during the night to use the bathroom, even if you don't necessarily have to go)
  • The timing or dose of medicines, such as: diuretic medicine (water pills), cardiac glycosides, demeclocycline, lithium, methoxyflurane, phenytoin, propoxyphene and excessive vitamin D
  • Sleep disorders, like insomnia or sleep apnea

Underlying health conditions can cause nocturia. For example:

  • Diabetes
  • High blood pressure
  • Heart disease, vascular disease or congestive heart failure
  • Bladder obstruction (stones), inflammation or other problems that affect bladder capacity (like bladder surgery or fibrosis from radiation)
  • Overactive bladder symptoms
  • Prostate obstruction
  • Vaginal prolapse
  • Menopause
  • Childbirth
  • Pelvic prolapse
  • Enlarged prostate (prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
  • Restless leg syndrome
  • Edema in the lower limbs, or leg swelling
  • Interstitial cystitis 
  • Reduced bladder capacity
  • Nocturnal polyuria (when your body produces too much urine at night for your bladder to hold)

Often, several of these issues may be going on at once.

Diagnosis

You and your health care provider will want to learn the cause of your nocturia. You'll be asked about your symptoms and health history. Your health care provider may also ask you to keep a bladder diary in order to help with a diagnosis. This diary is used to keep track of things like the kind and amount of liquids you drink, trips to bathroom, etc. to track trends over a period of time which can lead to useful treatments.

Some questions your doctor may ask:

  • When did your symptoms first start?
  • How many times do you need to go to the bathroom each night?
  • Is there a large or small amount of urine when you go?
  • Has the amount of urine you make changed (increased or decreased)?
  • How much caffeine or alcohol do you drink each day? When?
  • Do you feel like you're getting enough sleep?
  • Has your diet changed recently?
  • Do you wake up wet? (Are you leaking?)


If your health care provider needs more information, you may have a:

  • Urine culture and urinalysis: check for infection, unwanted blood, and other elements in your urine.
  • Blood test: checks the kidney and thyroid, cholesterol levels and the presence of anemia, diabetes or other problems.
  • Bladder scan: shows how much urine is still in the bladder after you go to the bathroom.
  • Cystoscopy: checks for a tumor or other causes of your symptoms by having the doctor insert a narrow tube with a tiny lens inside the bladder.
  • Urodynamic testing: checks to see how well your lower urinary tract stores and releases urine.

Treatment

Lifestyle changes

  • Restrict fluid intake at night.
    Drink plenty of fluids during the day (especially water), but limit fluids 2-4 hours before you go to sleep. Be sure to limit alcohol and caffeine (soda, tea and coffee).
  • Manage your use of diuretics.
    If you have to take a diuretic, then do so at least 6 hours before you go to sleep. This will help reduce the number of times you pass urine during the night.
  • Elevate your legs or use compression socks.
    Some people experience fluid build-up in their legs. When you elevate your legs, it helps to redistribute fluids back into the bloodstream, reducing the need to pass urine. Elastic compression stockings help by putting pressure on your legs to prevent fluid build-up.
  • Enjoy afternoon naps.
    When you sleep poorly, a nap can be help you feel better during the day. Naps can also allow liquids to be absorbed into the bloodstream. However, be careful not to nap too long or too often. You don't want to disrupt nighttime sleep patterns with naps.

Management

If you experience bed-wetting, there are several products to help keep you and your bed dry. For example, waterproof mattress covers, absorbent briefs, female externaml catheters and skincare products.

Visit our incontinence website article to learn more about managing leaks with products and devices.

Medicine

If lifestyle changes alone don't help with your nocturia, some medicines may. Some people try one type, then another, until they find what works best for them. Not everyone benefits from prescription drug options, but it helps to know about them.

  • Medicines to help the kidneys produce less urine. For example, Desmopressin.
  • Anticholinergic or Beta agonist medicines to treat bladder muscle problems. They relax the bladder if it spasms. These are used to correct overactive bladder. Anticholinergics include: Darifenacin , Oxybutynin, Tolterodine, Trospium Chloride or Solifenacin. Beta Agonists include: Mirabegron and Virabegron.
  • Diuretic medicines to regulate urine production and high blood pressure. For example, Bumetanide and Furosemide.

If an underlying illness leads to nocturia, then treating that illness will surely help. It's important to treat diabetes, high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, obstructive sleep apnea, and/or enlarged prostate (BPH). Changing the timing and dose of prescribed medicine may also help.

After Treatment

With long-term lifestyle changes and caring for other health problems, your symptoms should improve. You should be able to sleep well again.

Pay attention to the things that help you sleep through the night. Keep up with these changes to prevent nocturia in the future. Keep in touch with your health care provider to let him/her know if you don't improve over time.

Questions to Ask Your Doctor

  • Do I need to see a specialist?
  • If I need a specialist, can you give me a referral?
  • Will I need to have tests to find the cause of my nocturia?
  • What other problem could be causing my symptoms and why?
  • What treatments do you think are right for me and why?
  • What are the pros and cons of each type of treatment?
  • After I start treatment, are there problems I should I watch for?
  • How soon after treatment will I feel better?
  • When should I call you?
  • Will I need treatment for the rest of my life?

Updated August 2023. 

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